The first phase Industrial Revolution ended at the beginning of the Victorian Period, lasting from 1970 to 1840. The second Industrial Revolution begins in 1870 and ends around World War I. Both had a major impact on Victorian England. The most obvious impact is that during this period England became much more urban. This caused a population increase, which in turn resulted in increased poverty. The rise of poverty was a major influence of Victorian writer Charles Dickens. The second Industrial Revolution brought the steam engine to England. Due to this, technology began to develop much faster. Steam engines could power entire factories, which lead to a major increase in factories in England. The number of coalfield also doubled around this time, also due to the increase of steam engines. New steamships opened up trade, and faster travel, internationally to places like China. In 1956 Henry Bessemer invented a faster way to convert iron to steel. This lead to bigger buildings, which, again, led to a population increase in cities such as London. These larger buildings began to allow for improved housing, but at this time cities could still not accommodate the growing population. Due to this many people shared rooms and houses, people lived at the factories where they worked, and most houses did not have indoor plumbing. In addition to the poor living conditions, workers experienced awful conditions in factories. Children were still aloud to work at this time. There was no organization in charge of making sure that factories were safe. On top of that, hours were very long and workers had no days off. These conditions led to the writing of Karl Marx, who lived in England during the writing of Capital. This was a prosperous period for the upper class and factory owners, especially in England which produced almost a quarter of all factory products in the world.